DE NIEUWE BEWUSTZIJNS VERZORGERS
7 STAPPEN NAAR EEN GEZOND EN GELUKKIG LEVEN IN DE
21E EEUW
Referenties
zie ook http://nobelprijs.pagina.nl/
NOBELPRIJSWINNAARS 1901-1996
2004 David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
2003
Alexei
A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids
2002
Raymond
Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos, for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources
2001
Eric
A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
2000
Zhores
I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics, for basic work on information and communication technology, for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit
1999
Gerardus
't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics
1998
Robert
B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
1997 Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.
1996 David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardsonfor their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.
1995 Martin L. Perl, for the discovery of the tau lepton.
Frederick Reines for the detection of the neutrino.
1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse, for the development of neutron spectroscopy
Clifford G. Shull for the development of the neutron diffraction technique.
1993 Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.. for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation.
1992 - GEORGES CHARPAK for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber.
1991 - PIERRE-GILLES DE GENNES for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers.
1990 - JEROME I. FRIEDMAN, HENRY W. KENDALL and RICHARD E. TAYLOR for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.
1989 - NORMAN F. RAMSEY for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks.
HANS G. DEHMELT and WOLFGANG PAUL for the development of the ion trap technique.
1988 - LEON M. LEDERMAN, MELVIN SCHWARTZ and JACK STEINBERGER for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.
1987 - J. GEORG BEDNORZ and K. ALEXANDER MÜLLER for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials.
1986 - ERNST RUSKA for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope.
GERD BINNIG and HEINRICH ROHRER for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope.
1985 - KLAUS VON KLITZING for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect.
1984 - CARLO RUBBIA and SIMON VAN DER MEER for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.
1983 - SUBRAMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars.
WILLIAM A. FOWLER for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe.
1982 - KENNETH G. WILSON for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions.
1981 - NICOLAAS BLOEMBERGEN and ARTHUR L. SCHAWLOW for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy
KAI M. SIEGBAHN for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy.
1980 - JAMES W. CRONIN and VAL L. FITCH for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons.
1979 - SHELDON L. GLASHOW, ABDUS SALAM and STEVEN WEINBERG for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current.
1978 - PYOTR LEONIDOVICH KAPITSA for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics
ARNO A. PENZIAS and ROBERT W. WILSON for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.
1977 - PHILIP W. ANDERSON, SIR NEVILL F. MOTT and JOHN H. VAN VLECK for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.
1976 - BURTON RICHTER and SAMUEL C. C. TING for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind.
1975 - AAGE BOHR, BEN MOTTELSON and JAMES RAINWATER for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection.
1974 - SIR MARTIN RYLE and ANTONY HEWISH for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular pf the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars.
1973 - LEO ESAKI and IVAR GIAEVER , for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively,
BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects.
1972 - JOHN BARDEEN, LEON N. COOPER and J. ROBERT SCHRIEFFER for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.
1971 - DENNIS GABOR for his invention and development of the holographic method.
1970 - HANNES ALFVÉN for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics
LOUIS NÉEL for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics.
1969 - MURRAY GELL-MANN for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.
1968 - LUIS W. ALVAREZ for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis.
1967 - HANS ALBRECHT BETHE for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars.
1966 - ALFRED KASTLER for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying hertzian resonances in atoms.
1965 - SIN-ITIRO TOMONAGA, JULIAN SCHWINGER and RICHARD P.
FEYNMAN for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles.
1964 - CHARLES H. TOWNES, NICOLAY GENNADIYEVICH BASOV and ALEKSANDR MIKHAILOVICH PROKHOROV for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle.
1963 - EUGENE P. WIGNER for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles
MARIA GOEPPERT-MAYER and J. HANS D. JENSEN for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure.
1962 - LEV DAVIDOVICH LANDAU for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium.
1961 - ROBERT HOFSTADTER for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons
RUDOLF LUDWIG MÖSSBAUER for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name.
1960 - DONALD A. GLASER for the invention of the bubble chamber.
1959 - EMILIO GINO SEGRČ and OWEN CHAMBERLAIN for their discovery of the antiproton.
1958 - PAVEL ALEKSEYEVICH CHERENKOV , IL'JA MIKHAILOVICH FRANK and IGOR YEVGENYEVICH TAMM for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.
1957 - CHEN NING YANG and TSUNG-DAO LEE for their penetratinginvestigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles.
1956 - WILLIAM SHOCKLEY, JOHN BARDEEN and WALTER HOUSER BRATTAIN for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.
1955 - WILLIS EUGENE LAMB for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum
POLYKARP KUSCH for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron.
1954 - MAX BORN for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction
WALTHER BOTHE for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith.
1953 - FRITS (FREDERIK) ZERNIKE for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope.
1952 - FELIX BLOCH and EDWARD MILLS PURCELL for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith.
1951 - SIR JOHN DOUGLAS COCKCROFT and ERNEST THOMAS SINTON WALTON for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic particles.
1950 - CECIL FRANK POWELL for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method.
1949 - HIDEKI YUKAWA for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces.
1948 - LORD PATRICK MAYNARD STUART BLACKETT for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation.
1947 - SIR EDWARD VICTOR APPLETON for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer.
1946 - PERCY WILLIAMS BRIDGMAN for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics.
1945 - WOLFGANG PAULI for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle.
1944 - ISIDOR ISAAC RABI for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.
1943 -OTTO STERN for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton.
1939 - ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements.
1938 - ENRICO FERMI for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons.
1937 - CLINTON JOSEPH DAVISSON and SIR GEORGE PAGET THOMSON for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals.
1936 - VICTOR FRANZ HESS for his discovery of cosmic radiation
CARL DAVID ANDERSON for his discovery of the positron.
1935 - SIR JAMES CHADWICK for the discovery of the neutron.
1933 - ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER and PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE DIRAC for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.
1932 - WERNER HEISENBERG for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.
1930 - SIR CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him.
1929 - PRINCE LOUIS-VICTOR DE BROGLIE for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons.
1928 - SIR OWEN WILLANS RICHARDSON for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him.
1927 - ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON for his discovery of the effect named after him.
CHARLES THOMSON REES WILSON for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour.
1926 - JEAN BAPTISTE PERRIN for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium.
1925 - JAMES FRANCK and GUSTAV HERTZ for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom.
1924 - KARL MANNE GEORG SIEGBAHN for his discoveries and researchin the field of X-ray spectroscopy.
1923 - ROBERT ANDREWS MILLIKAN for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect.
1922 - NIELS BOHR for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them.
1921 - ALBERT EINSTEIN for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.
1920 - CHARLES EDOUARD GUILLAUME in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.
1919 - JOHANNES STARK for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields.
1918 - MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG PLANCK in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta.
1917 -CHARLES GLOVER BARKLA for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements.
1915 - SIR WILLIAM HENRY BRAGG and SIR WILLIAM LAWRENCE BRAGG for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.
1914 - MAX VON LAUE for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.
1913 - HEIKE KAMERLINGH-ONNES for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia to the production of liquid helium.
1912 - NILS GUSTAF DALÉN for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys.
1911 - WILHELM WIEN for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat.
1910 - JOHANNES DIDERIK VAN DER WAALS for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids.
1909 - GUGLIELMO MARCONI and CARL FERDINAND BRAUN in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy.
1908 - GABRIEL LIPPMANN for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference.
1907 - ALBERT ABRAHAM MICHELSON for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid.
1906 - SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.
1905 - PHILIPP EDUARD ANTON LENARD for his work on cathode rays.
1904 - LORD JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT RAYLEIGH for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies.
1903 - ANTOINE HENRI BECQUEREL in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity
PIERRE CURIE and MARIE CURIE, née SKLODOWSKA in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.
1902 - HENDRIK ANTOON LORENTZ and PIETER ZEEMAN in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena.
1901- WILHELM CONRAD RÖNTGEN in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him.
2004
Aaron
Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose for the discovery of
ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
2003
Peter
Agre, Roderick MacKinnon for discoveries concerning channels in cell
membranes
2002
John
B. Fenn,
Koichi Tanaka, for their development of soft desorption ionisation
methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromoleculesfor the
development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological
macromolecules
Kurt
Wüthrich for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for
determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in
solution
2001
William
S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation
reactions
K.
Barry Sharpless for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions
2000
Alan
Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa for the discovery and
development of conductive polymers
1999
Ahmed
Zewail for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using
femtosecond spectroscopy
1998
Walter
Kohn, for his development of the density-functional theory
John Pople for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry
1997 Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Jens C. Skou for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+,K+-ATPase.
1995 Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.
1993 Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry
Kary B. Mullis for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method
Michael Smith for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.
1991 Richard R. Ernst for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
1990 Elias James Corey for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis.
1989 Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA.
1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre.
1987 Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity.
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes.
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures.
1984
Bruce
Merrifield
for his development of methodology for
chemical synthesis on a solid matrix.
1983 Henry Taube for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes.
1982 Sir Aaron Klug for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein complexes.
1981 Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions.
1980 Paul Berg, for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA
Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids
1979 Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis.
1978 Peter Mitchell for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.
1977 Ilya Prigogine for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures.
1976
William
Lipscomb
for his studies on the structure of boranes
illuminating problems of chemical bonding.
1975 John Cornforth for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
Vladimir Prelog for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.
1974 Paul J. Flory for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules.
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds.
1972 Christian Anfinsen, for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active confirmation
Stanford Moore, William H. Stein for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule.
1971 Gerhard Herzberg for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic stucture and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals.
1970 Luis Leloir for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
1969 Derek Barton, Odd Hassel for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry.
1968 Lars Onsager for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
1967
Manfred
Eigen, Ronald G.W. Norrish, George Porter
for their
studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the
equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy.
1966 Robert S. Mulliken for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method.
1965 Robert B. Woodward for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis.
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.
1963 Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers.
1962
Max
F. Perutz, Sir John C. Kendrew
for their studies of
the structures of globular proteins.
1961 Melvin Calvin for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.
1962 Max F. Perutz, John C. Kendrew for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science.
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsky for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis.
1958 Frederick Sanger for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin.
1957 Lord Alexander Todd for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes.
1956 Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, Nikolay Semenov for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions.
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone.
1954 Linus Pauling for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.
1953 Hermann Staudinger for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry.
1952 Archer J.P. Martin, Richard L.M. Synge for their invention of partition chromatography.
1951 Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements.
1950 Otto Diels, Kurt Alder for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis.
1949 William F. Giauque for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures.
1948 Arne Tiselius for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins.
1947 Sir Robert Robinson for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids.
1946 James B. Sumner, for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized.
John H. Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form.
1945 Artturi Virtanen for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method.
1944 Otto Hahn for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei.
1943 George de Hevesy for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes.
1942
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1941
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1940
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1939 Adolf Butenandt, for his work on sex hormones. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal).
Leopold Ruzicka for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.
1938 Richard Kuhnfor his work on carotenoids and vitamins. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal.)
1937 Norman Haworth, for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C.
Paul Karrer for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2.
1936 Peter Debye for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases.
1935 Frédéric Joliot, Irčne Joliot-Curie in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements.
1934 Harold C. Urey for his discovery of heavy hydrogen.
1933 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
1932 Irving Langmuir for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry.
1931 Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods.
1930 Hans Fischer for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin.
1929 Arthur Harden, Hans von Euler-Chelpin for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes.
1928 Adolf Windaus for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins.
1927 Heinrich Wieland for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances.
1926 The Svedberg for his work on disperse systems.
1925 Richard Zsigmondy for his demonstration of the heterogenousnature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry.
1924 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1923 Fritz Pregl for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances.
1922 Francis W. Aston for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule.
1921 Frederick Soddy , for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes.
1920 Walther Nernst in recognition of his work in thermochemistry.
1919 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1918 Fritz Haber for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.
1917
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1916
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1915
Richard
Willstätter for his researches on plant pigments,
especially chlorophyll.
1914 Theodore W. Richards , in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements.
1913 Alfred Werner in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry.
1912 Victor Grignard, for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry
Paul Sabatier for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years.
1911 Marie Curie, née Marie Sklodowska, in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.
1910 Otto Wallach in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds.
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction.
1908 Lord Ernest Rutherford for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances.
1907 Eduard Buchner for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cellfree fermentation.
1906 Henri Moissan in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him.
1905 Adolf von Baeyer in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds.
1904 Sir William Ramsay in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system.
1903 Svante Arrheniusin recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation.
1902 Emil Fischer in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses.
1902 Emil Fischer in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.
2004
Richard
Axel, Linda B. Buck
2003
Paul
C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield
2002
Sydney
Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston
2001
Leland
H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul Nurse
2000
Arvid
Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel
1999
Günter
Blobel
1998
Robert
F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad
1997 - STANLEY B. PRUSINER for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection
1996 - PETER C. DOHERTY and ROLF M. ZINKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.
1995 - EDWARD B. LEWIS, CHRISTIANE NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD and ERIC F. WIESCHAUS for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.
1994 - ALFRED G. GILMAN and MARTIN RODBELL for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.
1993 - RICHARD J. ROBERTS and PHILLIP A. SHARP for their independent discoveries of split genes.
1992 - EDMOND H. FISCHER and EDWIN G. KREBS for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.
1991 - ERWIN NEHER and BERT SAKMANN for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.
1990 - JOSEPH E. MURRAY and E. DONNALL THOMAS for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.
1989 - J. MICHAEL BISHOP and HAROLD E. VARMUS for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.
1988 - SIR JAMES W. BLACK , GERTRUDE B. ELION and GEORGE H. HITCHINGS for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.
1987 - SUSUMU TONEGAWA for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity.
1986 - STANLEY COHEN and RITA LEVI-MONTALCINI for their discoveries of growth factors.
1985 - MICHAEL S. BROWN and JOSEPH L. GOLDSTEIN for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.
1984 - NIELS K. JERNE , GEORGES J.F. KÖHLER and CÉSAR MILSTEIN for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies.
1983 - BARBARA MC CLINTOCK for her discovery of mobile genetic elements.
1982 - SUNE K. BERGSTRÖM , BENGT I. SAMUELSSON and SIR JOHN R. VANE for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.
1981 - ROGER W. SPERRY for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres.
DAVID H. HUBEL and TORSTEN N. WIESEL for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.
1980 - BARUJ BENACERRAF , JEAN DAUSSET and GEORGE D. SNELL for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.
1979 - ALAN M. CORMACK and SIR GODFREY N. HOUNSFIELD for the development of computer assisted tomography.
1978 - WERNER ARBER , DANIEL NATHANS and HAMILTON O. SMITH for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.
1977 - ROGER GUILLEMIN and ANDREW V. SCHALLY for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain
ROSALYN YALOW for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones.
1976 - BARUCH S. BLUMBERG and D. CARLETON GAJDUSEK for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases.
1975 - DAVID BALTIMORE , RENATO DULBECCO and HOWARD MARTIN TEMIN for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.
1974 - ALBERT CLAUDE , CHRISTIAN DE DUVE and GEORGE E. PALADE for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.
1973 - KARL VON FRISCH , KONRAD LORENZ and NIKOLAAS TINBERGEN
for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.
1972 - GERALD M. EDELMAN and RODNEY R. PORTER for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.
1971 - EARL W. JR. SUTHERLAND for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones.
1970 - SIR BERNARD KATZ , ULF VON EULER and JULIUS AXELROD for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation.
1969 - MAX DELBRÜCK , ALFRED D. HERSHEY and SALVADOR E. LURIA for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the gentic structure of viruses.
1968 - ROBERT W. HOLLEY , HAR GOBIND KHORANA and MARSHALL W. NIRENBERG for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function inprotein synthesis.
1967 - RAGNAR GRANIT , HALDAN KEFFER HARTLINE and GEORGE WALD for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.
1966 - PEYTON ROUS for his discovery of tumorinducing viruses and other half to: CHARLES BRENTON HUGGINS for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer.
1965 - FRANÇOIS JACOB , ANDRÉ LWOFF and JACOUES MONOD for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.
1964 - KONRAD BLOCH and FEODOR LYNEN for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.
1963 - SIR JOHN CAREW ECCLES , SIR ALAN LLOYD HODGKIN and SIR ANDREW FIELDING HUXLEY for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.
1962 - FRANCIS HARRY COMPTON CRICK , JAMES DEWEY WATSON and MAURICE HUGH FREDERICK WILKINS for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nuclear acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.
1961 - GEORG VON BÉKÉSY for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea.
1960 - SIR FRANK MACFARLANE BURNET and SIR PETER BRIAN MEDAWAR for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.
1959 - SEVERO OCHOA and ARTHUR KORNBERG for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid.
1958 - GEORGE WELLS BEADLE and EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events
JOSHUA LEDERBERG for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria.
1957 - DANIEL BOVET for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles.
1956 - ANDRÉ FRÉDÉRIC COURNAND , WERNER FORSSMANN and DICKINSON W. RICHARDS for their discoveries concerning heart catherization and pathological changes in the circulatory system.
1955 - AXEL HUGO THEODOR THEORELL for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes.
1954 - JOHN FRANKLIN ENDERS , THOMAS HUCKLE WELLER and FREDERICK CHAPMAN ROBBINS for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.
1953 - SIR HANS ADOLF KREBS for his discovery of the citric acid cycle FRITZ ALBERT LIPMANN for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism.
1952 - SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.
1951 - MAX THEILER for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it.
1950 - EDWARD CALVIN KENDALL , TADEUS REICHSTEIN and PHILIP SHOWALTER HENCH for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.
1949 - WALTER RUDOLF HESS for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs
ANTONIO CAETANO DE ABREU FREIRE EGAS MONIZ for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses.
1948 - PAUL HERMANN MÜLLER for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arth ropods.
1947 - CARL FERDINAND CORI and GERTY THERESA CORI née RADNITZ for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen
BERNARDO ALBERTO HOUSSAY for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.
1946 - HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation.
1945 - SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING , SIR ERNST BORIS CHAIN and LORD HOWARD WALTER FLOREY for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.
1944 - JOSEPH ERLANGER and HERBERT SPENCER GASSER for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.
1943 - HENRIK CARL PETER DAM for his discovery of vitamin K.
EDWARD ADELBERT DOISY for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.
1942-1940 - The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.
1939 - GERHARD DOMAGK for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award, but later received the diploma and the medal.)
1938 - CORNEILLE JEAN FRANÇOIS HEYMANS for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.
1937 - ALBERT SZENT-GYÖRGYI VON NAGYRAPOLT for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.
1936 - SIR HENRY HALLETT DALE and OTTO LOEWI for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
1935 - HANS SPEMANN for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development.
1934 - GEORGE HOYT WHIPPLE , GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT and WILLIAM PARRY MURPHY for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia.
1933 - THOMAS HUNT MORGAN for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity.
1932 - SIR CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON and LORD EDGAR DOUGLAS ADRIAN for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.
1931 - OTTO HEINRICH WARBURG for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
1930 - KARL LANDSTEINER for his discovery of human blood groups.
1929 - CHRISTIAAN EIJKMAN for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin
SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.
1928 - CHARLES JULES HENRI NICOLLE for his work on typhus.
1927 - JULIUS WAGNER-JAUREGG for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica.
1926 - JOHANNES ANDREAS GRIB FIBIGER for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma.
1925 - The prize money for 1925 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1924 - WILLEM EINTHOVEN for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram.
1923 - SIR FREDERICK GRANT BANTING and JOHN JAMES RICHARD MACLEOD for the discovery of insulin.
1922 - SIR ARCHIBALD VIVIAN HILL for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle
OTTO FRITZ MEYERHOF for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactid acid in the muscle.
1921 - The prize money for 1921 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1920 - SCHACK AUGUST STEENBERGER KROGH for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism.
1919 - JULES BORDET for his discoveries relating to immunity.
1918-1915 - The prize money for 1918-1915 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1914 - ROBERT BÁRÁNY for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.
1913 - CHARLES ROBERT RICHET in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis.
1912 - ALEXIS CARREL in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood-vessels and organs.
1911 - ALLVAR GULLSTRAND for his work on the dioptrics of the eye.
1910 - ALBRECHT KOSSEL in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances.
1909 - EMIL THEODOR KOCHER for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland.
1908 - ILYA ILYICH MECHNIKOV and PAUL EHRLICH in recognition of their work on immunity.
1907 - CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases.
1906 - CAMILLO GOLGI and SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAJAL in recognition of their work on the stucture of the nervous system.
1905 - ROBERT KOCH for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis.
1904 - IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.
1903 - NIELS RYBERG FINSEN in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science.
1902 - SIR RONALD ROSS for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful resesarch on this disease and methods of combating it.
1901 - EMIL ADOLF VON BEHRING for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths.
2004
Wangari
Maathai
2003
Shirin
Ebadi
2002
Jimmy
Carter
2001
United
Nations, Kofi Annan
2000
Kim
Dae-jung
1999
Médecins
Sans Frontičres
1998
John
Hume, David Trimble
1997
International
Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams
1996
Carlos
Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta
1995
Joseph
Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1994
Yasser
Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin
1993
Nelson
Mandela, F.W. de Klerk
1992
Rigoberta
Menchú Tum
1991
Aung
San Suu Kyi
1990
Mikhail
Gorbachev
1989
The
14th Dalai Lama
1988
United
Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1987
Oscar
Arias Sánchez
1986
Elie
Wiesel
1985
International
Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1984
Desmond
Tutu
1983
Lech
Walesa
1982
Alva
Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles
1981
Office
of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1980
Adolfo
Pérez Esquivel
1979
Mother
Teresa
1978
Anwar
al-Sadat, Menachem Begin
1977
Amnesty
International
1976
Betty
Williams, Mairead Corrigan
1975
Andrei
Sakharov
1974
Seán
MacBride, Eisaku Sato
1973
Henry
Kissinger, Le Duc Tho
1972
The
prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund
1971
Willy
Brandt
1970
Norman
Borlaug
1969
International
Labour Organization
1968
René
Cassin
1967
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1966
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1965
United
Nations Children's Fund
1964
Martin
Luther King
1963
International
Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies
1962
Linus
Pauling
1961
Dag
Hammarskjöld
1960
Albert
Lutuli
1959
Philip
Noel-Baker
1958
Georges
Pire
1957
Lester
Bowles Pearson
1956
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1955
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1954
Office
of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1953
George
C. Marshall
1952
Albert
Schweitzer
1951
Léon
Jouhaux
1950
Ralph
Bunche
1949
Lord
Boyd Orr
1948
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1947
Friends
Service Council, American Friends Service Committee
1946
Emily
Greene Balch, John R. Mott
1945
Cordell
Hull
1944
International
Committee of the Red Cross
1943
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1942
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1941
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1940
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1939
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1938
Nansen
International Office for Refugees
1937
Robert
Cecil
1936
Carlos
Saavedra Lamas
1935
Carl
von Ossietzky
1934
Arthur
Henderson
1933
Sir
Norman Angell
1932
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1931
Jane
Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler
1930
Nathan
Söderblom
1929
Frank
B. Kellogg
1928
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1927
Ferdinand
Buisson, Ludwig Quidde
1926
Aristide
Briand, Gustav Stresemann
1925
Sir
Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes
1924
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1923
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1922
Fridtjof
Nansen
1921
Hjalmar
Branting, Christian Lange
1920
Léon
Bourgeois
1919
Woodrow
Wilson
1918
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1917
International
Committee of the Red Cross
1916
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1915
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1914
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1913
Henri
La Fontaine
1912
Elihu
Root
1911
Tobias
Asser, Alfred Fried
1910
Permanent
International Peace Bureau
1909
Auguste
Beernaert, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
1908
Klas
Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer
1907
Ernesto
Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault
1906
Theodore
Roosevelt
1905
Bertha
von Suttner
1904
Institute
of International Law
1903
Randal
Cremer
1902
Élie
Ducommun, Albert Gobat
1901
Henry
Dunant, Frédéric Passy
2004
Elfriede
Jelinek
2003
J.M.
Coetzee
2002
Imre
Kertész
2001
V.S.
Naipaul
2000
Gao
Xingjian
1999
Günter
Grass
1998
José
Saramago
1997
Dario
Fo
1996
Wislawa
Szymborska
1995
Seamus
Heaney
1994
Kenzaburo
Oe
1993
Toni
Morrison
1992
Derek
Walcott
1991
Nadine
Gordimer
1990
Octavio
Paz
1989
Camilo
José Cela
1988
Naguib
Mahfouz
1987
Joseph
Brodsky
1986
Wole
Soyinka
1985
Claude
Simon
1984
Jaroslav
Seifert
1983
William
Golding
1982
Gabriel
García Márquez
1981
Elias
Canetti
1980
Czeslaw
Milosz
1979
Odysseus
Elytis
1978
Isaac
Bashevis Singer
1977
Vicente
Aleixandre
1976
Saul
Bellow
1975
Eugenio
Montale
1974
Eyvind
Johnson, Harry Martinson
1973
Patrick
White
1972
Heinrich
Böll
1971
Pablo
Neruda
1970
Alexander
Solzhenitsyn
1969
Samuel
Beckett
1968
Yasunari
Kawabata
1967
Miguel
Angel Asturias
1966
Samuel
Agnon, Nelly Sachs
1965
Mikhail
Sholokhov
1964
Jean-Paul
Sartre
1963
Giorgos
Seferis
1962
John
Steinbeck
1961
Ivo
Andric
1960
Saint-John
Perse
1959
Salvatore
Quasimodo
1958
Boris
Pasternak
1957
Albert
Camus
1956
Juan
Ramón Jiménez
1955
Halldór
Laxness
1954
Ernest
Hemingway
1953
Winston
Churchill
1952
François
Mauriac
1951
Pär
Lagerkvist
1950
Bertrand
Russell
1949
William
Faulkner
1948
T.S.
Eliot
1947
André
Gide
1946
Hermann
Hesse
1945
Gabriela
Mistral
1944
Johannes
V. Jensen
1943
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1942
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1941
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1940
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1939
Frans
Eemil Sillanpää
1938
Pearl
Buck
1937
Roger
Martin du Gard
1936
Eugene
O'Neill
1935
The
prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special
Fund of this prize section
1934
Luigi
Pirandello
1933
Ivan
Bunin
1932
John
Galsworthy
1931
Erik
Axel Karlfeldt
1930
Sinclair
Lewis
1929
Thomas
Mann
1928
Sigrid
Undset
1927
Henri
Bergson
1926
Grazia
Deledda
1925
George
Bernard Shaw
1924
Wladyslaw
Reymont
1923
William
Butler Yeats
1922
Jacinto
Benavente
1921
Anatole
France
1920
Knut
Hamsun
1919
Carl
Spitteler
1918
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1917
Karl
Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
1916
Verner
von Heidenstam
1915
Romain
Rolland
1914
The
prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1913
Rabindranath
Tagore
1912
Gerhart
Hauptmann
1911
Maurice
Maeterlinck
1910
Paul
Heyse
1909
Selma
Lagerlöf
1908
Rudolf
Eucken
1907
Rudyard
Kipling
1906
Giosuč
Carducci
1905
Henryk
Sienkiewicz
1904
Frédéric
Mistral, José Echegaray
1903
Bjřrnstjerne
Bjřrnson
1902
Theodor
Mommsen
1901
Sully
Prudhomme
2004
Finn
E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott
2003
Robert
F. Engle III, Clive W.J. Granger
2002
Daniel
Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith
2001
George
A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz
2000
James
J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden
1999
Robert
A. Mundell
1998
Amartya
Sen
1997
Robert
C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes
1996
James
A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey
1995
Robert
E. Lucas Jr.
1994
John
C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr., Reinhard Selten
1993
Robert
W. Fogel, Douglass C. North
1992
Gary
S. Becker
1991
Ronald
H. Coase
1990
Harry
M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, William F. Sharpe
1989
Trygve
Haavelmo
1988
Maurice
Allais
1987
Robert
M. Solow
1986
James
M. Buchanan Jr.
1985
Franco
Modigliani
1984
Richard
Stone
1983
Gerard
Debreu
1982
George
J. Stigler
1981
James
Tobin
1980
Lawrence
R. Klein
1979
Theodore
W. Schultz, Sir Arthur Lewis
1978
Herbert
A. Simon
1977
Bertil
Ohlin, James E. Meade
1976
Milton
Friedman
1975
Leonid
Vitaliyevich Kantorovich, Tjalling C. Koopmans
1974
Gunnar
Myrdal, Friedrich August von Hayek
1973
Wassily
Leontief
1972
John
R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrow
1971
Simon
Kuznets
1970
Paul
A. Samuelson
1969
Ragnar
Frisch, Jan Tinbergen